Early on in his career, the ecologist and systems thinker, C.S. Holling discovered that complex adaptive systems did not tend toward equilibria, but toward maximizing diversity over deeper evolutionary time. In early 2000, he and L. Gunderson identified the dynamic cycle that expressed the patterns we  see in complex ecologies, as well as the transitioning … Continue reading An Evolutionary Imperative

In 1959 Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. According to wikipedia He sketched branching descent, then a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree, in which "It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another", discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms. In the book Taking the Naturalistic Turn"  the  philosopher … Continue reading A Modest Development